none 10.3390/bioengineering8070098 MDPI AG MDPI AG 1968 128630250 232326 202407150556102756 10.3390 2025-10-11T06:29:17Z 2021-07-12T21:56:37Z 41 Bioengineering Bioengineering 2306-5354 BIOENG 7 2021 8 7 Ernst Emmanuel Etienne Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5105-1145 Bharath Babu Nunna Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham, and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-778X Niladri Talukder Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA Yudong Wang Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3095-9282 Eon Soo Lee Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5863-3108 COVID-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2 is a novel, respiratory virus currently plaguing humanity. Genetically, at its core, it is a single-strand positive-sense RNA virus. It is a beta-type Coronavirus and is distinct in its structure and binding mechanism compared to other types of coronaviruses. Testing for the virus remains a challenge due to the small market available for at-home detection. Currently, there are three main types of tests for biomarker detection: viral, antigen and antibody. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) remains the gold standard for viral testing. However, the lack of quantitative detection and turnaround time for results are drawbacks. This manuscript focuses on recent advances in COVID-19 detection that have lower limits of detection and faster response times than RT-PCR testing. The advancements in sensing platforms have amplified the detection levels and provided real-time results for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection with limits as low as 1 fg/mL in the Graphene Field Effect Transistor (FET) sensor. Additionally, using multiple biomarkers, detection levels can achieve a specificity and sensitivity level comparable to that of PCR testing. Proper biomarker selection coupled with nano sensing detection platforms are key in the widespread use of Point of Care (POC) diagnosis in COVID-19 detection. 07 12 2021 98 bioengineering8070098 10.3390/mdpi_crossmark_policy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 10.3390/bioengineering8070098 https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/8/7/98 https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/8/7/98/pdf Liu COVID-19: The first documented coronavirus pandemic in history Biomed. J. 2020 10.1016/j.bj.2020.04.007 43 328 Cucinotta WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic Acta BioMed. 2020 91 157 Natural history of COVID-19 and current knowledge on treatment therapeutic options Biomed. Pharmacother. 2020 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110493 129 110493 (2020, April 15). WHO Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report 1. 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