none 10.1155/2013/601246 Hindawi Limited Hindawi Limited 98 60907592 79322 20160818093412 10.1155 2020-07-23T01:02:01Z 2013-03-01T12:35:05Z 14 International Journal of Endocrinology International Journal of Endocrinology 1687-8337 1687-8345 2013 2013 Small-Molecule Hormones: Molecular Mechanisms of Action Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5295-3848 Eliza Pawlik-Pachucka Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3517-4030 Magdalena Owczarz Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8443-7143 Monika Budzińska Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland Jacek Polosak Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0033-2043 Small-molecule hormones play crucial roles in the development and in the maintenance of an adult mammalian organism. On the molecular level, they regulate a plethora of biological pathways. Part of their actions depends on their transcription-regulating properties, exerted by highly specific nuclear receptors which are hormone-dependent transcription factors. Nuclear hormone receptors interact with coactivators, corepressors, basal transcription factors, and other transcription factors in order to modulate the activity of target genes in a manner that is dependent on tissue, age and developmental and pathophysiological states. The biological effect of this mechanism becomes apparent not earlier than 30–60 minutes after hormonal stimulus. In addition, small-molecule hormones modify the function of the cell by a number of nongenomic mechanisms, involving interaction with proteins localized in the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, as well as with proteins localized in other cellular membranes and in nonnuclear cellular compartments. The identity of such proteins is still under investigation; however, it seems that extranuclear fractions of nuclear hormone receptors commonly serve this function. A direct interaction of small-molecule hormones with membrane phospholipids and with mRNA is also postulated. In these mechanisms, the reaction to hormonal stimulus appears within seconds or minutes. 2013 1 21 601246 601246 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ 10.1155/2013/601246 20160818093412 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2013/601246/ http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2013/601246.pdf http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2013/601246.xml http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2013/601246.pdf http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2013/601246.pdf http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2013/601246.pdf http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2013/601246.pdf http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2013/601246.pdf http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2013/601246.pdf 10.1007/s12020-011-9538-2 10.1210/jc.2011-2642 10.4158/EP11075.RA The New England Journal of Medicine 366 15 1451 2012 10.1089/thy.2007.0075 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.03.016 10.4061/2011/361304 American Journal of Cancer Research 1 2 168 2011 10.1210/me.2010-0420 10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00090-9 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