<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<doi_records>
  <doi_record owner="10.5194" timestamp="2025-02-15 01:01:02">
    <crossref>
      <journal>
        <journal_metadata language="en" reference_distribution_opts="any">
          <full_title>Geoscientific Model Development</full_title>
          <abbrev_title>Geosci. Model Dev.</abbrev_title>
          <issn media_type="electronic">1991-9603</issn>
        </journal_metadata>
        <journal_issue>
          <publication_date media_type="online">
            <year>2014</year>
          </publication_date>
          <journal_volume>
            <volume>7</volume>
          </journal_volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
        </journal_issue>
        <journal_article publication_type="full_text">
          <titles>
            <title>Testing conceptual and physically based soil hydrology schemes against observations for the Amazon Basin</title>
          </titles>
          <contributors>
            <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
              <given_name>M.</given_name>
              <surname>Guimberteau</surname>
              <ORCID>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8582-6087</ORCID>
            </person_name>
            <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
              <given_name>A.</given_name>
              <surname>Ducharne</surname>
            </person_name>
            <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
              <given_name>P.</given_name>
              <surname>Ciais</surname>
              <ORCID>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8560-4943</ORCID>
            </person_name>
            <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
              <given_name>J. P.</given_name>
              <surname>Boisier</surname>
            </person_name>
            <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
              <given_name>S.</given_name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <ORCID>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5098-726X</ORCID>
            </person_name>
            <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
              <given_name>M.</given_name>
              <surname>De Weirdt</surname>
            </person_name>
            <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
              <given_name>H.</given_name>
              <surname>Verbeeck</surname>
              <ORCID>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1490-0168</ORCID>
            </person_name>
          </contributors>
          <abstract>
            <p><![CDATA[Abstract. This study analyzes the performance of the two soil hydrology schemes of the land surface model ORCHIDEE in estimating Amazonian hydrology and phenology for five major sub-basins (Xingu, Tapajós, Madeira, Solimões and Negro), during the 29-year period 1980–2008. A simple 2-layer scheme with a bucket topped by an evaporative layer is compared to an 11-layer diffusion scheme. The soil schemes are coupled with a river routing module and a process model of plant physiology, phenology and carbon dynamics. The simulated water budget and vegetation functioning components are compared with several data sets at sub-basin scale. The use of the 11-layer soil diffusion scheme does not significantly change the Amazonian water budget simulation when compared to the 2-layer soil scheme (+3.1 and −3.0% in evapotranspiration and river discharge, respectively). However, the higher water-holding capacity of the soil and the physically based representation of runoff and drainage in the 11-layer soil diffusion scheme result in more dynamic soil water storage variation and improved simulation of the total terrestrial water storage when compared to GRACE satellite estimates. The greater soil water storage within the 11-layer scheme also results in increased dry-season evapotranspiration (+0.5 mm d−1, +17%) and improves river discharge simulation in the southeastern sub-basins such as the Xingu. Evapotranspiration over this sub-basin is sustained during the whole dry season with the 11-layer soil diffusion scheme, whereas the 2-layer scheme limits it after only 2 dry months. Lower plant drought stress simulated by the 11-layer soil diffusion scheme leads to better simulation of the seasonal cycle of photosynthesis (GPP) when compared to a GPP data-driven model based on eddy covariance and satellite greenness measurements. A dry-season length between 4 and 7 months over the entire Amazon Basin is found to be critical in distinguishing differences in hydrological feedbacks between the soil and the vegetation cover simulated by the two soil schemes. On average, the multilayer soil diffusion scheme provides little improvement in simulated hydrology over the wet tropical Amazonian sub-basins, but a more significant improvement is found over the drier sub-basins. The use of a multilayer soil diffusion scheme might become critical for assessments of future hydrological changes, especially in southern regions of the Amazon Basin where longer dry seasons and more severe droughts are expected in the next century.]]></p>
          </abstract>
          <publication_date media_type="online">
            <month>06</month>
            <day>06</day>
            <year>2014</year>
          </publication_date>
          <pages>
            <first_page>1115</first_page>
            <last_page>1136</last_page>
          </pages>
          <program name="AccessIndicators">
            <free_to_read start_date="2014-06-06" />
            <license_ref applies_to="vor" start_date="2014-06-06">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</license_ref>
          </program>
          <program name="relations">
            <related_item>
              <intra_work_relation relationship-type="hasPreprint" identifier-type="doi">10.5194/gmdd-7-73-2014</intra_work_relation>
            </related_item>
          </program>
          <doi_data>
            <doi>10.5194/gmd-7-1115-2014</doi>
            <resource>https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/7/1115/2014/</resource>
            <collection property="crawler-based">
              <item crawler="iParadigms">
                <resource>https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/7/1115/2014/gmd-7-1115-2014.pdf</resource>
              </item>
            </collection>
          </doi_data>
          <citation_list>
            <citation key="ref1">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1520-0442(1988)001&lt;0921:IGHCFG&gt;2.0.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Abramopoulos, F., Rosenzweig, C., and Choudhury, B.: Improved ground hydrology calculations for global climate models (GCMs): Soil water movement and evapotranspiration, J. Climate, 1, 921–941, 1988.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref2">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2011JD015997</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Azarderakhsh, M., Rossow, W., Papa, F., Norouzi, H., and Khanbilvardi, R.: Diagnosing water variations within the Amazon basin using satellite data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D24107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015997, 2011.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref3">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2007JG000644</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Baker, I., Prihodko, L., Denning, A., Goulden, M., Miller, S., and Da Rocha, H.: Seasonal drought stress in the Amazon: Reconciling models and observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 113, G00B01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000644, 2008.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref4">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/978-94-017-0519-6_48</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Ball, J., Woodrow, I., and Berry, J.: A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions, in: Prog. Photosynthesis Res. Proc. Int. Congress 7th, Providence. 10–15 August 1986, Vol 4. Kluwer, Boston., 221–224, 1987.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref5">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/hess-15-533-2011</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Becker, M., Meyssignac, B., Xavier, L., Cazenave, A., Alkama, R., and Decharme, B.: Past terrestrial water storage (1980–2008) in the Amazon Basin reconstructed from GRACE and in situ river gauging data, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 533–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-533-2011, 2011.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref6">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1002/hyp.7252</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Beighley, R., Eggert, K., Dunne, T., He, Y., Gummadi, V., and Verdin, K.: Simulating hydrologic and hydraulic processes throughout the Amazon River Basin, Hydrol. Process., 23, 1221–1235, 2009.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref7">
              <unstructured_citation>Belward, A., Estes, J., and Kline, K.: The IGBP-DIS global 1-km land-cover data set DISCover: A project overview, Photogramm. Eng. Rem. S., 65, 1013–1020, 1999.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref8">
              <unstructured_citation>Bettadpur, S.: Level-2 Gravity Field Product User Handbook, GRACE 327-734, The GRACE Project, Cent. for Space Res., Univ. of Tex. at Austin, Austin, Tex., 2012.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref9">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1080/02626668409490960</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Beven, K.: Infiltration into a class of vertically non-uniform soils, Hydrol. Sci. J., 29, 425–434, 1984.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref10">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/WR018i005p01311</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Beven, K. and Germann, P.: Macropores and water flow in soils, Water Resour. Res., 18, 1311–1325, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i005p01311, 1982.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref11">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1038/nclimate1454</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Boberg, F. and Christensen, J. H.: Overestimation of Mediterranean summer temperature projections due to model deficiencies, Nature Clim. Change, 2, 433–436, 2012.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref12">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039&lt;1544:TIOTIO&gt;2.0.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Boone, A., Masson, V., Meyers, T., and Noilhan, J.: The influence of the inclusion of soil freezing on simulations by a soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1544–1569, 2000.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref13">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.7202/017931ar</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Callede, J., Ronchail, J., Guyot, J., and Oliveira, E.: Déboisement amazonien: son influence sur le débit de l'Amazone à Óbidos (Brésil), Rev. Sci. Eau, 21, 59–72, 2008.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref14">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1002/jgrd.50627</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Campoy, A., Ducharne, A., Cheruy, F., Hourdin, F., Polcher, J., and Dupont, J.: Influence of soil bottom hydrological conditions on land surface fluxes and climate in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 10725–10739, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50627, 2013.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref15">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/BF00329030</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Canadell, J., Jackson, R., Ehleringer, J., Mooney, H., Sala, O., and Schulze, E.-D.: Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale, Oecologia, 108, 583–595, 1996.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref16">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/WR024i005p00755</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Carsel, R. and Parrish, R.: Developing joint probability distributions of soil water retention characteristics, Water Resour. Res., 24, 755–769, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i005p00755, 1988.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref17">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1023/A:1000531001463</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Chen, F., Janjić, Z., and Mitchell, K.: Impact of atmospheric surface-layer parameterizations in the new land-surface scheme of the NCEP mesoscale Eta model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 85, 391–421, 1997.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref18">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2008JB006056</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Chen, J., Wilson, C., Tapley, B., Yang, Z., and Niu, G.: 2005 drought event in the Amazon River basin as measured by GRACE and estimated by climate models, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol Ea., 114, B05404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006056, 2009.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref19">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2010WR009383</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Chen, J., Wilson, C., and Tapley, B.: The 2009 exceptional Amazon flood and interannual terrestrial water storage change observed by GRACE, Water Resour. Res., 46, W12526, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009383, 2010.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref20">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s00382-012-1469-y</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Cheruy, F., Campoy, A., Dupont, J.-C., Ducharne, A., Hourdin, F., Haeffelin, M., Chiriaco, M., and Idelkadi, A.: Combined influence of atmospheric physics and soil hydrology on the simulated meteorology at the SIRTA atmospheric observatory, Clim. Dynam., 40, 2251–2269, 2013.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref21">
              <unstructured_citation>Cochonneau, G., Sondag, F., Guyot, J., Geraldo, B., Filizola, N., Fraizy, P., Laraque, A., Magat, P., Martinez, J., Noriega, L., Oliveira, E., Ordonez, J., Pombosa, R., Seyler, F., Sidgwick, J., and Vauchel, P.: The Environmental Observation and Research project, ORE HYBAM, and the rivers of the Amazon basin, 44–50, IAHS Press, 2006.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref22">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1002/hyp.6850</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Coe, M., Costa, M., and Howard, E.: Simulating the surface waters of the Amazon River basin: impacts of new river geomorphic and flow parameterizations, Hydrol. Process., 22, 2542–2553, 2007.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref23">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1071/PP9920519</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Collatz, G. J., Ribas-Carbo, M., and Berry, J.: Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants, Funct. Plant Biol., 19, 519–538, 1992.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref24">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s003820050276</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Cox, P., Betts, R., Bunton, C., Essery, R., Rowntree, P., and Smith, J.: The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity, Clim. Dynam., 15, 183–203, 1999.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref25">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s00190-007-0153-1</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Crowley, J. W., Mitrovica, J. X., Bailey, R. C., Tamisiea, M. E., and Davis, J. L.: Annual variations in water storage and precipitation in the Amazon Basin, J. Geodesy, 82, 9–13, 2008.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref26">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/BAMS-84-8-1013</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Dai, Y., Zeng, X., Dickinson, R. E., Baker, I., Bonan, G. B., Bosilovich, M. G., Denning, A. S., Dirmeyer, P. A., Houser, P. R., Niu, G., Oleson, K. W., Schlosser, C. A., and Zong-Liang, Y.: The common land model, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 1013–1023, 2003.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref27">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2008GM000744</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Da Rocha, H., Manzi, O., and Shuttleworth, J.: Evapotranspiration, Geoph. Monog. Series, 186, 261–272, 2009a.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref28">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2007JG000640</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Da Rocha, H. R., Manzi, A. O., Cabral, O. M., Miller, S. D., Goulden, M. L., Saleska, S. R., R-Coupe, N., Wofsy, S. C., Borma, L. S., Artaxo, P., Vourlitis, G., Nogueira, J. S., Cardoso, F. L., Nobre, A. D., Kruijt, B., Freitas, H. C., von Randow, C., Aguiar, R. G., and Maia, J. F.: Patterns of water and heat flux across a biome gradient from tropical forest to savanna in Brazil, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 114, G00B12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000640, 2009b.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref29">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s00382-006-0160-6</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Decharme, B. and Douville, H.: Uncertainties in the GSWP-2 precipitation forcing and their impacts on regional and global hydrological simulations, Clim. Dynam., 27, 695–713, 2006.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref30">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2007JD009376</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Decharme, B., Douville, H., Prigent, C., Papa, F., and Aires, F.: A new river flooding scheme for global climate applications: Off-line evaluation over South America, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D11110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009376, 2008.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref31">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2011JD016002</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Decharme, B., Boone, A., Delire, C., and Noilhan, J.: Local evaluation of the Interaction between Soil Biosphere Atmosphere soil multilayer diffusion scheme using four pedotransfer functions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D20126, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016002, 2011.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref32">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/hess-2-239-1998</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>De Rosnay, P. and Polcher, J.: Modelling root water uptake in a complex land surface scheme coupled to a GCM, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 2, 239–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2-239-1998, 1998.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref33">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2000GL011574</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>De Rosnay, P., Bruen, M., and Polcher, J.: Sensitivity of surface fluxes to the number of layers in the soil model used in GCMs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3329–3332, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011574, 2000.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref34">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2001JD000634</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>De Rosnay, P., Polcher, J., Bruen, M., and Laval, K.: Impact of a physically based soil water flow and soil-plant interaction representation for modeling large-scale land surface processes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4118, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000634, 2002.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref35">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1002/qj.2023</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>De Rosnay, P., Drusch, M., Vasiljevic, D., Balsamo, G., Albergel, C., and Isaksen, L.: A simplified Extended Kalman Filter for the global operational soil moisture analysis at ECMWF, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1199–1213, 2013.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref36">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/gmd-5-1091-2012</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>De Weirdt, M., Verbeeck, H., Maignan, F., Peylin, P., Poulter, B., Bonal, D., Ciais, P., and Steppe, K.: Seasonal leaf dynamics for tropical evergreen forests in a process-based global ecosystem model, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1091–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1091-2012, 2012.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref37">
              <unstructured_citation>D'Orgeval, T.: Impact du changement climatique sur le cycle de l'eau en Afrique de l'Ouest: modélisation et incertitudes, Ph.D. thesis, Université Paris VI, 2006.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref38">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/hess-12-1387-2008</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>D'Orgeval, T., Polcher, J., and de Rosnay, P.: Sensitivity of the West African hydrological cycle in ORCHIDEE to infiltration processes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1387–1401, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1387-2008, 2008.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref39">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s00382-008-0508-1</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Douville, H.: Relative contribution of soil moisture and snow mass to seasonal climate predictability: a pilot study, Clim. Dynam., 34, 797–818, 2010.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref40">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/hess-15-3829-2011</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Draper, C., Mahfouf, J.-F., Calvet, J.-C., Martin, E., and Wagner, W.: Assimilation of ASCAT near-surface soil moisture into the SIM hydrological model over France, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3829–3841, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3829-2011, 2011.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref41">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s003820050226</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Ducharne, A., Laval, K., and Polcher, J.: Sensitivity of the hydrological cycle to the parametrization of soil hydrology in a GCM, Clim. Dynam., 14, 307–327, 1998.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref42">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00230-0</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Ducharne, A., Golaz, C., Leblois, E., Laval, K., Polcher, J., Ledoux, E., and de Marsily, G.: Development of a high resolution runoff routing model, calibration and application to assess runoff from the LMD GCM, J. Hydrol., 280, 207–228, 2003.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref43">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006&lt;0248:SANSOP&gt;2.0.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Ducoudré, N., Laval, K., and Perrier, A.: SECHIBA, a new set of parameterizations of the hydrologic exchanges at the land atmosphere interface within the LMD atmospheric global circulation model, J. Climate, 6, 248–273, 1993.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref44">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/WR006i002p00478</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Dunne, T. and Black, R. D.: An experimental investigation of runoff production in permeable soils, Water Resour. Res., 6, 478–490, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR006i002p00478, 1970.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref45">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/0022-1694(95)02965-6</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Entekhabi, D., Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., and Castelli, F.: Mutual interaction of soil moisture state and atmospheric processes, J. Hydrol., 184, 3–17, 1996.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref46">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/hess-14-2039-2010</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Fan, Y. and Miguez-Macho, G.: Potential groundwater contribution to Amazon evapotranspiration, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2039–2056, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2039-2010, 2010.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref47">
              <unstructured_citation>FAO: Soil map of the world, scale 1:5000000, Tech. rep., United Nations, volumes I-X, United Nations Educationnal, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, 1978.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref48">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/BF00386231</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Farquhar, G., von Caemmerer, S. v., and Berry, J.: A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species, Planta, 149, 78–90, 1980.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref49">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082&lt;2797:MRWUIH&gt;2.3.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Feddes, R., Hoff, H., Bruen, M., Dawson, T., De Rosnay, P., Dirmeyer, P., Jackson, R., Kabat, P., Kleidon, A., Lilly, A., and Pitman, A.: Modeling root water uptake in hydrological and climate models, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 2797–2810, 2001.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref50">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1002/joc.3647</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Frappart, F., Ramillien, G., and Ronchail, J.: Changes in terrestrial water storage versus rainfall and discharges in the Amazon basin, Int. J. Climatol., 33, 3029–3046, 2013.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref51">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2007JG000635</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Garrigues, S., Lacaze, R., Baret, F., Morisette, J., Weiss, M., Nickeson, J., Fernandes, R., Plummer, S., Shabanov, N., Myneni, R., Knyazikhin, Y., and Yang, W.: Validation and intercomparison of global Leaf Area Index products derived from remote sensing data, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 113, G02028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000635, 2008.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref52">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1038/nature12957</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Gatti, L. V., Gloor, M., Miller, J. B., Doughty, C. E., Malhi, Y., Domingues, L. G., Basso, L. S., Martinewski, A., Correia, C. S. C., Borges, V. F., Freitas, S., Braz, R., Anderson, L. O., Rocha, H., Grace, J., Phillips, O. L., and Lloyd, J.: Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements, Nature, 506, 76–80, 2014.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref53">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/tc-6-407-2012</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Gouttevin, I., Krinner, G., Ciais, P., Polcher, J., and Legout, C.: Multi-scale validation of a new soil freezing scheme for a land-surface model with physically-based hydrology, The Cryosphere, 6, 407–430, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-407-2012, 2012.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref54">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1017/S0021859600001441</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Green, W. H. and Ampt, G.: Studies on soil physics, 1. The flow of air and water through soils, J. Agr. Sci., 4, 1–24, 1911.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref55">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s00382-012-1395-z</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Guillod, B. P., Davin, E. L., Kündig, C., Smiatek, G., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Impact of soil map specifications for European climate simulations, Clim. Dynam., 40, 123–141, 2013.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref56">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/hess-16-911-2012</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Guimberteau, M., Drapeau, G., Ronchail, J., Sultan, B., Polcher, J., Martinez, J.-M., Prigent, C., Guyot, J.-L., Cochonneau, G., Espinoza, J. C., Filizola, N., Fraizy, P., Lavado, W., De Oliveira, E., Pombosa, R., Noriega, L., and Vauchel, P.: Discharge simulation in the sub-basins of the Amazon using ORCHIDEE forced by new datasets, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 911–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-911-2012, 2012a.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref57">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/hess-16-3973-2012</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Guimberteau, M., Perrier, A., Laval, K., and Polcher, J.: A comprehensive approach to analyze discrepancies between land surface models and in-situ measurements: a case study over US and Illinois with SECHIBA forced by NLDAS, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sc., 16, 3973–3988, 2012b.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref58">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014035</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Guimberteau, M., Ronchail, J., Espinoza, J., Lengaigne, M., Sultan, B., Polcher, J., Drapeau, G., Guyot, J., Ducharne, A., and Ciais, P.: Future changes in precipitation and impacts on extreme streamflow over Amazonian sub-basins, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 014035, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014035, 2013.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref59">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2007GL029804</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Gulden, L., Rosero, E., Yang, Z., Rodell, M., Jackson, C., Niu, G., Yeh, P., and Famiglietti, J.: Improving land-surface model hydrology: Is an explicit aquifer model better than a deeper soil profile?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 9402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029804, 2007.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref60">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2004GL021843</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Gutmann, E. and Small, E.: The effect of soil hydraulic properties vs. soil texture in land surface models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021843, 2005.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref61">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s003820050205</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Hagemann, S. and Dumenil, L.: A parameterization of the lateral waterflow for the global scale, Clim. Dynam., 14, 17–31, 1998.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref62">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s00382-014-2221-6</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Hagemann, S. and Stacke, T.: Impact of the soil hydrology scheme on simulated soil moisture memory, Clim. Dynam., submitted, 2014.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref63">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/TR014i001p00446</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Horton, R. E.: The role of infiltration in the hydrologic cycle, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 14, 446–460, 1933.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref64">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002&lt;0036:GPAODD&gt;2.0.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Huffman, G., Adler, R., Morrissey, M., Bolvin, D., Curtis, S., Joyce, R., McGavock, B., and Susskind, J.: Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multisatellite observations, J. Hydrometeorol., 2, 36–50, 2001.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref65">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/JHM560.1</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Huffman, G., Bolvin, D., Nelkin, E., Wolff, D., Adler, R., Gu, G., Hong, Y., Bowman, K., and Stocker, E.: The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales, J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 38–55, 2007.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref66">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1038/nature09396</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Ciais, P., Seneviratne, S., Sheffield, J., Goulden, M., Bonan, G., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., De Jeu, R., Johannes Dolman, A., Eugster, W., Gerten, D., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Heinke, J., Kimball, J., Law, B. E., Montagnani, L., Mu, Q., Mueller, B., Oleson, K., Papale, D., Richardson, A. D., Roupsard, O., Running, S., Tomelleri, E., Viovy, N., Weber, U., Williams, C., Wood, E., Zaehle, S., and Zhang, K.: Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply, Nature, 467, 951–954, 2010.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref67">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2010JG001566</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Margolis, H., Cescatti, A., Richardson, A., Arain, M., Arneth, A., Bernhofer, C., Bonal, D., Chen, J., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Kiely, G., Kutsch, W., Lasslop, G., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Moors, E. J., Papale, D., Sottocornola, M., Vaccari, F., and Williams, C.: Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G00J07, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001566, 2011.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref68">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1890/03-6003</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Keller, M., Alencar, A., Asner, G. P., Braswell, B., Bustamante, M., Davidson, E., Feldpausch, T., Fernandes, E., Goulden, M., Kabat, P., Kruijt, B., Luizao, F., Miller, S., Markewitz, D., Nobre, A. D., Nobre, C. A., Filho, N. P., da Rocha, H., Dias, P. S., von Randow, C., and Vourlitis, G. L.: Ecological research in the large-scale biosphere-atmosphere experiment in Amazonia: Early results, Ecol. Appl., 14, 3–16, 2004.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref69">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082&lt;0247:TNNYRM&gt;2.3.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Kistler, R., Kalnay, E., Collins, W., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Kanamitsu, M., Kousky, V., van den Dool, H., Jenne, R., and Fiorino, M.: The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 247–267, 2001.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref70">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s003820050012</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Kleidon, A. and Heimann, M.: Assessing the role of deep rooted vegetation in the climate system with model simulations: mechanism, comparison to observations and implications for Amazonian deforestation, Clim. Dynam., 16, 183–199, 2000.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref71">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1126/science.1100217</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Koster, R., Dirmeyer, P., Guo, Z., Bonan, G., Chan, E., Cox, P., Gordon, C., Kanae, S., Kowalczyk, E., Lawrence, D., Liu, P., Lu, C., Malyshev, S., McAvaney, B., Mitchell, K., Mocko, D., Oki, T., Oleson, K., Pitman, A., Sud, Y., Taylor, C., Verseghy, D., Vasic, R., Xue, Y., Yamada, T., and Team, G.: Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation, Science, 305, 1138–1140, 2004a.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref72">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/JHM-387.1</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Koster, R. D., Suarez, M. J., Liu, P., Jambor, U., Berg, A., Kistler, M., Reichle, R., Rodell, M., and Famiglietti, J.: Realistic initialization of land surface states: Impacts on subseasonal forecast skill, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 1049–1063, 2004b.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref73">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2003GB002199</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Krinner, G., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Ogee, J., Polcher, J., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., and Prentice, I.: A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, 1–33, 2005.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref74">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1126/science.1200807</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Lewis, S., Brando, P., Phillips, O., van der Heijden, G., and Nepstad, D.: The 2010 Amazon Drought, Science, 331, 554–554, 2011.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref75">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2005JD006355</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Li, W., Fu, R., and Dickinson, R.: Rainfall and its seasonality over the Amazon in the 21st century as assessed by the coupled models for the IPCC AR4, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D02111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006355, 2006.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref76">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1098/rstb.2007.0022</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Li, W., Fu, R., Juárez, R., and Fernandes, K.: Observed change of the standardized precipitation index, its potential cause and implications to future climate change in the Amazon region, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 363, 1767–1772, 2008.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref77">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2002JD003090</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Liang, X., Xie, Z., and Huang, M.: A new parameterization for surface and groundwater interactions and its impact on water budgets with the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) land surface model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8613–8629, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003090, 2003.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref78">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/0921-8181(95)00039-9</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Mahfouf, J.-F., Ciret, C., Ducharne, A., Irannejad, P., Noilhan, J., Shao, Y., Thornton, P., Xue, Y., and Yang, Z.-L.: Analysis of transpiration results from the RICE and PILPS workshop, Global Planet. Change, 13, 73–88, 1996.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref79">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097&lt;0739:CATOC&gt;2.3.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Manabe, S.: Climate and ocean circulation .I. Atmospheric circulation and hydrology of earths surface, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 739–774, 1969.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref80">
              <unstructured_citation>Manning, R.: On the flow of water in open channels and pipes, Trans. Inst. Civil Engrs (Dublin, Ireland), 20, 179–207, 1895.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref81">
              <unstructured_citation>Marengo, J.: On the hydrological cycle of the Amazon Basin: A historical review and current state-of-the-art, Rev. Bras. Meterol., 21, 1–19, 2006.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref82">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/0378-1127(90)90150-A</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>McMurtrie, R., Rook, D., and Kelliher, F.: Modelling the yield of Pinus radiata on a site limited by water and nitrogen, Forest Ecol. Manag., 30, 381–413, 1990.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref83">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/89EO00305</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>McNab, A. L.: Climate and drought, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 70, 873–883, 1989.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref84">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03390.x</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Meir, P. and Ian Woodward, F.: Amazonian rain forests and drought: response and vulnerability, New Phytol., 187, 553–557, 2010.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref85">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2012JD017539</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Miguez-Macho, G. and Fan, Y.: The role of groundwater in the Amazon water cycle: 1. Influence on seasonal streamflow, flooding and wetlands, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D15113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017539, 2012.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref86">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007&lt;0914:CSRFIC&gt;2.0.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Miller, J., Russell, G., and Caliri, G.: Continental-scale river flow in climate models, J. Climate, 7, 914–928, 1994.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref87">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/hess-15-453-2011</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Miralles, D. G., Holmes, T. R. H., De Jeu, R. A. M., Gash, J. H., Meesters, A. G. C. A., and Dolman, A. J.: Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 453–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-453-2011, 2011.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref88">
              <unstructured_citation>Molinier, M. and Guyot, J.: Les régimes hydrologiques de l'Amazone et de ses affluents, IAHS-AISH P., 238, 209–222, 1996.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref89">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1023/A:1009606801595</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Mortatti, J., Moraes, J., Victoria, R., and Martinelli, L.: Hydrograph separation of the Amazon river: a methodological study, Aquat. Geochem., 3, 117–128, 1997.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref90">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/WR012i003p00513</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Mualem, Y.: A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media, Water Resour. Res., 12, 513–522, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR012i003p00513, 1976.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref91">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1002/2013GL058055</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Mueller, B. and Seneviratne, S.: Systematic land climate and evapotranspiration biases in CMIP5 simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 128–134, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058055, 2014.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref92">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2010GL046230</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Mueller, B., Seneviratne, S., Jimenez, C., Corti, T., Hirschi, M., Balsamo, G., Ciais, P., Dirmeyer, P., Fisher, J., Guo, Z Jung, M., Maignan, F., McCabe, M. F., Reichle, R., Reichstein, M., Rodell, M., Sheffield, J., Teuling, A. J., Wang, K., Wood, E. F., and Zhang, Y.: Evaluation of global observations-based evapotranspiration datasets and IPCC AR4 simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046230, 2011.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref93">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1038/372666a0</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Nepstad, D. C., de Carvalho, C. R., Davidson, E. A., Jipp, P. H., Lefebvre, P. A., Negreiros, G. H., da Silva, E. D., Stone, T. A., Trumbore, S. E., and Vieira, S.: The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures, Nature, 372, 666–669, 1994.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref94">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013&lt;2217:RTCSTC&gt;2.0.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>New, M., Hulme, M., and Jones, P.: Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part II: Development of 1901-96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate, J. Climate, 13, 2217–2238, 2000.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref95">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2006WR004941</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Ngo-Duc, T., Laval, K., Ramillien, G., Polcher, J., and Cazenave, A.: Validation of the land water storage simulated by Organising Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, Water Resour. Res., 43, W04427, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR004941, 2007.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref96">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2006JD007522</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Niu, G.-Y., Yang, Z.-L., Dickinson, R., Gulden, L., and Su, H.: Development of a simple groundwater model for use in climate models and evaluation with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D07103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007522, 2007.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref97">
              <unstructured_citation>Olson, J., Watts, J., and Allison, L.: Carbon in live vegetation of major world ecosystems, Tech. rep., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, 1983.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref98">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.06.007</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Paiva, R., Collischonn, W., and Tucci, C.: Large scale hydrologic and hydrodynamic modeling using limited data and a GIS based approach, J. Hydrol., 406, 170–181, 2011.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref99">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/hess-16-3127-2012</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Paiva, R. C. D., Collischonn, W., Bonnet, M. P., and de Gonçalves, L. G. G.: On the sources of hydrological prediction uncertainty in the Amazon, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3127–3137, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3127-2012, 2012.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref100">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1002/wrcr.20067</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Paiva, R. C. D. d., Buarque, D. C., Collischonn, W., Bonnet, M.-P., Frappart, F., Calmant, S., and Bulhões Mendes, C. A.: Large-scale hydrologic and hydrodynamic modeling of the Amazon River basin, Water Resour. Res., 49, 1226–1243, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20067, 2013.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref101">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00300.1</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Pan, M., Sahoo, A. K., Troy, T. J., Vinukollu, R. K., Sheffield, J., and Wood, E. F.: Multisource estimation of long-term terrestrial water budget for major global river basins, J. Climate, 25, 3191–3206, 2012.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref102">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1002/joc.893</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Pitman, A.: The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed for climate models, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 479–510, 2003.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref103">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1002/jgrd.50335</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Pokhrel, Y. N., Fan, Y., Miguez-Macho, G., Yeh, P. J.-F., and Han, S.-C.: The role of groundwater in the Amazon water cycle: 3. Influence on terrestrial water storage computations and comparison with GRACE, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 3233–3244, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50335, 2013.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref104">
              <unstructured_citation>Polcher, J.: Les processus de surface à l'échelle globale et leurs interactions avec l'atmosphère, Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris VI, 2003.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref105">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2004GL021700</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Reichle, R. H. and Koster, R. D.: Global assimilation of satellite surface soil moisture retrievals into the NASA Catchment land surface model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021700, 2005.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref106">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1063/1.1745010</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Richards, L. A.: Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums, Physics, 1, 318–333, 1931.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref107">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/s00704-013-0860-x</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Schneider, U., Becker, A., Finger, P., Meyer-Christoffer, A., Ziese, M., and Rudolf, B.: GPCC's new land surface precipitation climatology based on quality-controlled in situ data and its role in quantifying the global water cycle, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 115, 15–40, 2014.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref108">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/JCLI3790.1</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Sheffield, J., Goteti, G., and Wood, E.: Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling, J. Climate, 19, 3088–3111, 2006.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref109">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1098/rspb.1988.0024</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Shuttleworth, W.: Evaporation from Amazonian rainforest, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 233, 321–346, 1988.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref110">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2001JB000576</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Swenson, S. and Wahr, J.: Methods for inferring regional surface-mass anomalies from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) measurements of time-variable gravity, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol Ea., 107, 2193, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000576, 2002.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref111">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2005GL025285</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Swenson, S. and Wahr, J.: Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025285, 2006.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref112">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2002WR001808</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Swenson, S., Wahr, J., and Milly, P.: Estimated accuracies of regional water storage variations inferred from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Water Resour. Res., 39, 1223, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001808, 2003.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref113">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2005GL024851</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Syed, T., Famiglietti, J., Chen, J., Rodell, M., Seneviratne, S., Viterbo, P., and Wilson, C.: Total basin discharge for the Amazon and Mississippi River basins from GRACE and a land-atmosphere water balance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024851, 2005.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref114">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2006WR005779</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Syed, T. H., Famiglietti, J. S., Rodell, M., Chen, J., and Wilson, C. R.: Analysis of terrestrial water storage changes from GRACE and GLDAS, Water Resour. Res., 44, W02433, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005779, 2008.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref115">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008&lt;0732:AGCMWA&gt;2.0.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Thompson, S. L. and Pollard, D.: A global climate model (GENESIS) with a land-surface transfer scheme (LSX). Part I: Present climate simulation, J. Climate, 8, 732–761, 1995.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref116">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.004</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Trigg, M., Wilson, M., Bates, P., Horritt, M., Alsdorf, D., Forsberg, B., and Vega, M.: Amazon flood wave hydraulics, J. Hydrol., 374, 92–105, 2009.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref117">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Van Genuchten, M. T.: A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898, 1980.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref118">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2010JG001544</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Verbeeck, H., Peylin, P., Bacour, C., Bonal, D., Steppe, K., and Ciais, P.: Seasonal patterns of CO2 fluxes in Amazon forests: Fusion of eddy covariance data and the ORCHIDEE model, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G02018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001544, 2011.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref119">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.5194/hess-16-3889-2012</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Vergnes, J.-P. and Decharme, B.: A simple groundwater scheme in the TRIP river routing model: global off-line evaluation against GRACE terrestrial water storage estimates and observed river discharges, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3889–3908, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3889-2012, 2012.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref120">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/S0079-1946(97)81147-0</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Viovy, N.: Interannuality and CO2 sensitivity of the SECHIBA-BGC coupled SVAT-BGC model, Phys. Chem. Earth, 21, 489–497, 1996.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref121">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008&lt;2716:AILSPS&gt;2.0.CO;2</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Viterbo, P. and Beljaars, A. C.: An improved land surface parameterization scheme in the ECMWF model and its validation, J. Climate, 8, 2716–2748, 1995.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref122">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/1999GB900092</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Vörösmarty, C., Fekete, B., Meybeck, M., and Lammers, R.: Global system of rivers: Its role in organizing continental land mass and defining land-to-ocean linkages, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 599–621, 2000.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref123">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2004GL019779</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Wahr, J., Swenson, S., Zlotnicki, V., and Velicogna, I.: Time-variable gravity from GRACE: First results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019779, 2004.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref124">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/j.rse.2010.02.005</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Xavier, L., Becker, M., Cazenave, A., Longuevergne, L., Llovel, W., and Filho, O. R.: Interannual variability in water storage over 2003–2008 in the Amazon Basin from GRACE space gravimetry, in situ river level and precipitation data, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 1629–1637, 2010.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref125">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2012WR011869</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Yamazaki, D., Lee, H., Alsdorf, D., Dutra, E., Kim, H., Kanae, S., and Oki, T.: Analysis of the water level dynamics simulated by a global river model: A case study in the Amazon River, Water Resour. Res., 48, W09508, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR011869, 2012.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref126">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2006WR005374</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Yeh, P. J.-F., Swenson, S., Famiglietti, J., and Rodell, M.: Remote sensing of groundwater storage changes in Illinois using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Water Resour. Res., 42, W12203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005374, 2006.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref127">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1002/2013JD020941</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Zeng, Z., Wang, T., Zhou, F., Ciais, P., Mao, J., Shi, X., and Piao, S.: A worldwide analysis of spatiotemporal changes in water balance based evapotranspiration from 1982 to 2009, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 1186–1202, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020941, 2014.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref128">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1029/2009WR008800</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Zhang, K., Kimball, J., Nemani, R., and Running, S.: A continuous satellite-derived global record of land surface evapotranspiration from 1983 to 2006, Water Resour. Res., 46, W09522, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008800, 2010.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref129">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.3390/rs5020927</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Zhu, Z., Bi, J., Pan, Y., Ganguly, S., Anav, A., Xu, L., Samanta, A., Piao, S., Nemani, R. R., and Myneni, R. B.: Global data sets of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) 3g and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) 3g derived from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI3g) for the period 1981 to 2011, Remote Sens., 5, 927–948, 2013.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref130">
              <unstructured_citation>Zobler, L.: A world soil file for global climate modeling, Tech. Rep. 87802, NASA, 1986.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
          </citation_list>
          <component_list>
            <component parent_relation="isPartOf">
              <description>supplement file to the article</description>
              <format mime_type="application/pdf" />
              <doi_data>
                <doi>10.5194/gmd-7-1115-2014-supplement</doi>
                <resource>https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/7/1115/2014/gmd-7-1115-2014-supplement.pdf</resource>
              </doi_data>
            </component>
          </component_list>
        </journal_article>
      </journal>
    </crossref>
  </doi_record>
</doi_records>