<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<doi_records>
  <doi_record owner="10.3390" timestamp="2025-10-11 12:30:02">
    <crossref>
      <journal>
        <journal_metadata language="en">
          <full_title>Sustainability</full_title>
          <abbrev_title>Sustainability</abbrev_title>
          <issn media_type="electronic">2071-1050</issn>
          <coden>SUSTDE</coden>
        </journal_metadata>
        <journal_issue>
          <publication_date media_type="online">
            <month>2</month>
            <year>2019</year>
          </publication_date>
          <journal_volume>
            <volume>11</volume>
          </journal_volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
        </journal_issue>
        <journal_article publication_type="full_text">
          <titles>
            <title>Observing the Impact of WWF Earth Hour on Urban Light Pollution: A Case Study in Berlin 2018 Using Differential Photometry</title>
          </titles>
          <contributors>
            <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
              <given_name>Andreas</given_name>
              <surname>Jechow</surname>
              <affiliations>
                <institution>
                  <institution_name>Leibniz Instute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany</institution_name>
                </institution>
                <institution>
                  <institution_name>GFZ German Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany</institution_name>
                </institution>
              </affiliations>
              <ORCID>http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7596-6366</ORCID>
            </person_name>
          </contributors>
          <abstract>
            <p>Earth Hour is one of the most successful coordinated mass efforts worldwide to raise awareness of environmental issues, with excessive energy consumption being one driver of climate change. The campaign, first organized by the World Wildlife Fund in Australia in 2007, has grown across borders and cultures and was celebrated in 188 countries in 2018. It calls for voluntarily reduction of electricity consumption for a single hour of one day each year. Switching off non-essential electric lights is a central theme and resulted in 17,900 landmarks going dark in 2018. This switch-off of lights during Earth Hour also leads to reduction of light pollution for this specific period. In principle, Earth Hour allows the study of light pollution and the linkage to electricity consumption of lighting. However, quantitative analysis of the impact of Earth Hour on light pollution (and electricity consumption) are sparse, with only a few studies published showing no clear impact or the reverse, suffering from residual twilight and unstable weather conditions. In this work, light pollution measurements during Earth Hour 2018 in an urban park (Tiergarten) in Berlin, Germany, are reported. A novel light measurement method using differential photometry with calibrated digital cameras enables tracking of the switching off and switching back on of the lights of Berlin’s iconic Brandenburg Gate and the buildings of Potsdamer Platz adjacent to the park. Light pollution reduction during the event was measurable, despite the presence of moonlight. Strategies for future work on light pollution using such events are discussed.</p>
          </abstract>
          <publication_date media_type="online">
            <month>01</month>
            <day>31</day>
            <year>2019</year>
          </publication_date>
          <pages>
            <first_page>750</first_page>
          </pages>
          <publisher_item>
            <identifier id_type="pii">su11030750</identifier>
          </publisher_item>
          <crossmark>
            <crossmark_policy>10.3390/mdpi_crossmark_policy</crossmark_policy>
            <custom_metadata>
              <program name="fundref">
                <assertion name="fundgroup">
                  <assertion name="funder_name">
                    Leibniz-Gemeinschaft
                    <assertion name="funder_identifier">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001664</assertion>
                  </assertion>
                  <assertion name="award_number">SAW-2015-IGB-1</assertion>
                  <assertion name="award_number">SAW-K45/2017</assertion>
                </assertion>
                <assertion name="fundgroup">
                  <assertion name="funder_name">
                    European Cooperation in Science and Technology
                    <assertion name="funder_identifier">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000921</assertion>
                  </assertion>
                  <assertion name="award_number">ES1204 LoNNe</assertion>
                </assertion>
                <assertion name="fundgroup">
                  <assertion name="funder_name">Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries</assertion>
                  <assertion name="award_number">Frontiers 2017</assertion>
                </assertion>
              </program>
              <program>
                <free_to_read />
                <license_ref applies_to="vor">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license_ref>
              </program>
            </custom_metadata>
          </crossmark>
          <doi_data>
            <doi>10.3390/su11030750</doi>
            <resource>https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/3/750</resource>
            <collection property="crawler-based">
              <item crawler="iParadigms">
                <resource>https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/3/750/pdf</resource>
              </item>
            </collection>
          </doi_data>
          <citation_list>
            <citation key="ref_1">
              <unstructured_citation>(2019, January 10). WWF Earth Hour. Available online: https://www.earthhour.org.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_2">
              <unstructured_citation>(2018, January 10). Earth Hour Report 2018. Available online: http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/earth_hour_2018_report.pdf.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_3">
              <author>Olexsak</author>
              <article_title>The electricity impacts of Earth Hour: An international comparative analysis of energy-saving behavior</article_title>
              <journal_title>Energy Res. Soc. Sci.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2014</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/j.erss.2014.04.014</doi>
              <volume>2</volume>
              <first_page>159</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_4">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/978-3-642-12101-2_13</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Cheong, M., and Lee, V. (2010). Twittering for earth: A study on the impact of microblogging activism on Earth Hour 2009 in Australia. Asian Conference on Intelligent Information and Database Systems, Springer.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_5">
              <author>Sison</author>
              <article_title>Creative strategic communications: A case study of Earth Hour</article_title>
              <journal_title>Int. J. Strateg. Commun.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2013</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1080/1553118X.2013.826227</doi>
              <volume>7</volume>
              <first_page>227</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_6">
              <article_title>Minds on Earth Hour—A theme for sustainability in Swedish early childhood education</article_title>
              <journal_title>Early Child Dev. Care</journal_title>
              <cYear>2013</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1080/03004430.2012.746971</doi>
              <volume>183</volume>
              <first_page>1782</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_7">
              <author>Falchi</author>
              <article_title>The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness</article_title>
              <journal_title>Sci. Adv.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2016</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1126/sciadv.1600377</doi>
              <volume>2</volume>
              <first_page>e1600377</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_8">
              <article_title>Anthropogenic disruption of the night sky darkness in urban and rural areas</article_title>
              <journal_title>R. Soc. Open Sci.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2016</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1098/rsos.160541</doi>
              <volume>3</volume>
              <first_page>160541</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_9">
              <author>Kyba</author>
              <article_title>Artificially lit surface of Earth at night increasing in radiance and extent</article_title>
              <journal_title>Sci. Adv.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2017</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1126/sciadv.1701528</doi>
              <volume>3</volume>
              <first_page>e1701528</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_10">
              <author>Riegel</author>
              <article_title>Light Pollution</article_title>
              <journal_title>Science</journal_title>
              <cYear>1973</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1126/science.179.4080.1285</doi>
              <volume>179</volume>
              <first_page>1285</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_11">
              <author>Cho</author>
              <article_title>Effects of artificial light at night on human health: A literature review of observational and experimental studies applied to exposure assessment</article_title>
              <journal_title>Chronobiol. Int.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2015</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.3109/07420528.2015.1073158</doi>
              <volume>32</volume>
              <first_page>1294</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_12">
              <author>Longcore</author>
              <article_title>Ecological light pollution</article_title>
              <journal_title>Front. Ecol. Environ.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2004</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:ELP]2.0.CO;2</doi>
              <volume>2</volume>
              <first_page>191</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_13">
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1007/978-3-319-00176-0_42</doi>
              <unstructured_citation>Schroer, S., and Hölker, F. (2017). Impact of lighting on flora and fauna. Handbook of Advanced Lighting Technology, Springer.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_14">
              <author>Knop</author>
              <article_title>Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination</article_title>
              <journal_title>Nature</journal_title>
              <cYear>2017</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1038/nature23288</doi>
              <volume>548</volume>
              <first_page>206</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_15">
              <author>Kurvers</author>
              <article_title>Artificial light at night affects emergence from a refuge and space use in guppies</article_title>
              <journal_title>Sci. Rep.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2018</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1038/s41598-018-32466-3</doi>
              <volume>8</volume>
              <first_page>14131</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_16">
              <author>Rosebrugh</author>
              <article_title>Sky-Glow from large cities</article_title>
              <journal_title>J. R. Aastron. Soc. Can.</journal_title>
              <cYear>1935</cYear>
              <volume>29</volume>
              <first_page>79</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_17">
              <author>Jechow</author>
              <article_title>Imaging and mapping the impact of clouds on skyglow with all-sky photometry</article_title>
              <journal_title>Sci. Rep.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2017</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1038/s41598-017-06998-z</doi>
              <volume>7</volume>
              <first_page>6741</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_18">
              <author>Jechow</author>
              <article_title>Tracking the dynamics of skyglow with differential photometry using a digital camera with fisheye lens</article_title>
              <journal_title>J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2018</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.01.032</doi>
              <volume>209</volume>
              <first_page>212</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_19">
              <author>Claudio</author>
              <article_title>Switch on the night: Policies for smarter lighting</article_title>
              <journal_title>Environ. Health Perspect.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2009</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1289/ehp.117-a28</doi>
              <volume>117</volume>
              <first_page>A28</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_20">
              <author>Pompea</author>
              <article_title>International Year of Astronomy 2009 Cornerstone Projects: What’s Available for You</article_title>
              <journal_title>Science Education and Outreach: Forging a Path to the Future: Proceedings of a Conference Held at Millbrae, California, USA, 12–16 September 2009</journal_title>
              <cYear>2010</cYear>
              <volume>Volume 431</volume>
              <first_page>86</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_21">
              <author>Walker</author>
              <article_title>National education program for energy efficient illumination engineering</article_title>
              <journal_title>Proceedings of the SPIE Eco-Photonics 2011: Sustainable Design, Manufacturing, and Engineering Workforce Education for a Green Future</journal_title>
              <cYear>2011</cYear>
              <volume>Volume 8065</volume>
              <first_page>80650Q</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_22">
              <unstructured_citation>Marco, E., Morales-Rubio, A., and Bullón, J.M. (2012, January 9–13). Light pollution in Valencian Natural Parks: Where Light not only annoys astronomers. Proceedings of the X Scientific Meeting of the Spanish Astronomical Society, Valencia, Spain.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_23">
              <author>Edensor</author>
              <article_title>The gloomy city: Rethinking the relationship between light and dark</article_title>
              <journal_title>Urban Stud.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2015</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1177/0042098013504009</doi>
              <volume>52</volume>
              <first_page>422</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_24">
              <unstructured_citation>Martí Devesa, G. (2016). Light Pollution in Barcelona: Night Sky Brightness Analysis. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universitat de Barcelona].</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_25">
              <author>Ribas</author>
              <article_title>How Clouds are Amplifying (or not) the Effects of ALAN</article_title>
              <journal_title>Int. J. Sustain. Light.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2016</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.26607/ijsl.v18i0.19</doi>
              <volume>18</volume>
              <first_page>32</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_26">
              <article_title>Measuring and modelling light pollution at the Zselic Starry Sky Park</article_title>
              <journal_title>J. Phys. Conf. Ser.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2010</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1088/1742-6596/218/1/012001</doi>
              <volume>218</volume>
              <first_page>012001</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_27">
              <author>Jechow</author>
              <article_title>Evaluating the summer night sky brightness at a research field site on Lake Stechlin in northeastern Germany</article_title>
              <journal_title>J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2016</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.02.005</doi>
              <volume>181</volume>
              <first_page>24</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_28">
              <article_title>Night sky quality monitoring in existing and planned dark sky parks by digital cameras</article_title>
              <journal_title>Int. J. Sustain. Light.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2017</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.26607/ijsl.v19i1.70</doi>
              <volume>19</volume>
              <first_page>61</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_29">
              <author>Jechow</author>
              <article_title>Measuring Light Pollution with Fisheye Lens Imagery from A Moving Boat, A Proof of Concept</article_title>
              <journal_title>Int. J. Sustain. Light.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2017</cYear>
              <volume>19</volume>
              <first_page>6</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_30">
              <author>Posch</author>
              <article_title>Measuring night sky brightness: Methods and challenges</article_title>
              <journal_title>J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.</journal_title>
              <cYear>2018</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.09.008</doi>
              <volume>205</volume>
              <first_page>278</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_31">
              <author>Falchi</author>
              <article_title>Campaign of sky brightness and extinction measurements using a portable CCD camera</article_title>
              <journal_title>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</journal_title>
              <cYear>2011</cYear>
              <doi provider="crossref">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17845.x</doi>
              <volume>412</volume>
              <first_page>33</first_page>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_32">
              <unstructured_citation>Brown, D.R. (1952). Natural Illumination Charts.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_33">
              <unstructured_citation>Bond, D., and Henderson, F. (1963). The Conquest of Darkness. (AD 346297), Defense Documentation Center.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
            <citation key="ref_34">
              <unstructured_citation>(2019, January 09). Time and Date. Available online: https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/.</unstructured_citation>
            </citation>
          </citation_list>
        </journal_article>
      </journal>
    </crossref>
  </doi_record>
</doi_records>