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        <journal_metadata language="en">
          <full_title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics</full_title>
          <abbrev_title>JGR Space Physics</abbrev_title>
          <issn media_type="print">2169-9380</issn>
          <issn media_type="electronic">2169-9402</issn>
        </journal_metadata>
        <journal_issue>
          <publication_date media_type="print">
            <month>09</month>
            <year>2015</year>
          </publication_date>
          <journal_volume>
            <volume>120</volume>
          </journal_volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <doi_data>
            <doi>10.1002/jgra.v120.9</doi>
            <resource>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/21699402/120/9</resource>
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        <journal_article publication_type="full_text">
          <titles>
            <title>A model of high‐latitude thermospheric density</title>
          </titles>
          <contributors>
            <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="first">
              <given_name>Yosuke</given_name>
              <surname>Yamazaki</surname>
              <affiliation>Department of Physics Lancaster University  Lancaster UK</affiliation>
            </person_name>
            <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
              <given_name>Michael J.</given_name>
              <surname>Kosch</surname>
              <affiliation>Department of Physics Lancaster University  Lancaster UK</affiliation>
              <affiliation>South African National Space Agency  Hermanus South Africa</affiliation>
            </person_name>
            <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
              <given_name>Eric K.</given_name>
              <surname>Sutton</surname>
              <affiliation>AFRL  Kirtland Air Force Base New Mexico USA</affiliation>
              <ORCID>http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1424-7189</ORCID>
            </person_name>
          </contributors>
          <abstract abstract-type="main">
            <title>Abstract</title>
            <p>
              We present an empirical model of the high‐latitude air density at 450 km, derived from accelerometer measurements by the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites during 2002–2006, which we call HANDY (High‐Latitude Atmospheric Neutral DensitY). HANDY consists of a quiet model and disturbance model. The quiet model represents the background thermospheric density for “zero geomagnetic activity” conditions. The disturbance model represents the response of the thermospheric density to solar wind forcing at high latitudes. The solar wind inputs used are the following: (1) solar wind electric field
              <italic>E</italic>
              <sub>SW</sub>
              , (2) interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle
              <italic>C</italic>
              <sub>SW</sub>
              , and (3) solar wind dynamic pressure
              <italic>P</italic>
              <sub>SW</sub>
              . Both quiet and disturbance models are constructed on the basis of spherical harmonic function fitting to the data. Magnetic coordinates are used for the disturbance model, while geographical coordinates are used for the quiet model. HANDY reproduces main features of the solar wind influence on the high‐latitude thermospheric density, such as the IMF
              <italic>B</italic>
              <sub>
                <italic>y</italic>
              </sub>
              effect that produces a hemispheric asymmetry in the density distribution.
            </p>
          </abstract>
          <abstract abstract-type="short">
            <title>Key Points</title>
            <p>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p>Empirical model for high‐latitude thermospheric density is produced</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Quiet model reproduces background density in geographical coordinates</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Disturbance model reproduces solar wind response in magnetic coordinates</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </abstract>
          <publication_date media_type="online">
            <month>09</month>
            <day>09</day>
            <year>2015</year>
          </publication_date>
          <publication_date media_type="print">
            <month>09</month>
            <year>2015</year>
          </publication_date>
          <pages>
            <first_page>7903</first_page>
            <last_page>7917</last_page>
          </pages>
          <publisher_item>
            <identifier id_type="doi">10.1002/2015JA021371</identifier>
          </publisher_item>
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              <assertion name="award_number">NE/K01207X/1</assertion>
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