none 10.1038/s41598-019-51802-9 Springer Science and Business Media LLC Springer Science and Business Media LLC 297 110885770 134905 20221217154453112 10.1038 2022-12-17T09:48:00Z 2019-10-23T07:06:43Z 26 Scientific Reports Sci Rep 2045-2322 12 2019 9 1 Sea Surface Height Estimation with Multi-GNSS and Wavelet De-noising Fade Chen Lilong Liu Fei Guo Abstract This paper presents a new sea surface height (SSH) estimation using GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R). It is a cost-effective remote sensing technique and owns long-term stability besides high temporal and spatial resolution. Initial in-situ SSH estimates are first produced by using the SNR data of BDS (L1, L5, L7), GPS (L1, L2, L5), and GLONASS (L1, L2), of MAYG station, which is located in Mayotte, France near the Indian Ocean. The results of observation data over a period of seven days showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) of SSH estimation is about 32 cm and the correlation coefficient is about 0.83. The tidal waveform is reconstructed based on the initial SSH estimates by utilizing the wavelet de-noising technique. By comparing the tide gauge measurements with the reconstructed tidal waveform at SSH estimation instants, the SSH estimation errors can be obtained. The results demonstrate that the correlation coefficient and RMSE of the wavelet de-noising based SSH estimation is 0.95 and 19 cm, respectively. Compared with the initial estimation results, the correlation coefficient is improved by about 14.5%, while the RMSE is reduced by 40.6%. 10 23 2019 15181 51802 1 10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy link.springer.com false 19 June 2019 8 October 2019 23 October 2019 The authors declare no competing interests. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 10.1038/s41598-019-51802-9 20221217154453112 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51802-9 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51802-9.pdf https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51802-9.pdf https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51802-9 Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences Z Hu 120 1450 2015 10.1002/2014JG002870 Hu, Z. et al. Windows of opportunity for salt marsh vegetation establishment on bare tidal flats: The importance of temporal and spatial variability in hydrodynamic forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 120, 1450–1469 (2015). 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